PART I—GENERAL PROVISIONS

CHAPTER 2—GENERAL EXPLANATIONS

Section 13—Provisions Relating to Causing an Event.

(1) If a person intentionally or negligently causes any involuntary agent to cause an event, that person shall be deemed to have caused the event. "Involuntary agent" means any animal or other thing, and also any person who is exempted from liability to punishment for causing the event, by reason of infancy, or insanity, or otherwise, under the provisions of this Code.

(2) If an event is caused by acts of several persons acting either jointly or independently, each of those persons who has intentionally or negligently contributed to cause the event shall, subject to the provisions of the next subsection, and to the provisions of this Part with respect to abetment, be deemed to have caused the event; but any matter of exemption, justification, extenuation, or aggravation which exists in the case of any one of those persons shall have effect in his case, whether it exists or not in the case of any of the other persons.

(3) A person shall not be convicted of having intentionally or negligently caused an event if, notwithstanding his act and the acts of any person acting jointly with him, the event would not have happened but for the existence of some state of facts or the intervention of some other event or of some other person, the probability of the existence or intervention of which other event or person the accused person did not take into consideration, and had no reason to take into consideration. The provision shall not apply where a person is charged with having caused an event by an omission to perform a duty for averting the event.

(4) If a person beyond the jurisdiction of the Courts causes any voluntary agent to cause an event within the jurisdiction, he shall be deemed to have caused the event within the jurisdiction.

(5) Subject to the provisions of this section, and to the special provisions of any particular section of this Code, it is a question of fact whether an event is fairly and reasonably to be ascribed to a person's act as having been caused thereby.

(6) A person shall not, by reason of anything in this section, be relieved from any liability in respect of an attempt to cause an event; and a person shall not, by reason of anything in this section, be relieved from any liability in respect of negligent conduct, if such negligent conduct is punishable under this Code irrespectively of whether it actually causes any event.

Offences in contravention of the Conventions and Protocol I
1. (1) A person of whatever nationality, commits an indictable offence, if that person, whether within or outside this country commits, aids, abets or procures any other person to commit a grave breach specified in

(a) article 50 of the First Convention in respect of the Geneva Conventions for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of August 12, 1949, stated in the First Schedule,

(b) article 51 of the Second Convention in respect of the Geneva Conventions for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of the Armed Forces at sea, of August 12, 1949, stated in the Second Schedule,

(c) article 130 of the Third Convention in respect of the Geneva Conventions Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, of August 12; 1949, stated in the Third Schedule,

(d) article 147 of the Fourth Convention in respect of the Geneva Conventions Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of August 12, 1949, set out in the Fourth Schedule, and

(e) article 11(4) or paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of article 85 of the Protocol 1 set out in the Fifth Schedule.

Offences in contravention of the Conventions and Protocol I
1. (3) A person, who in Ghana commits, abets, aids or procures any other person to commit a breach to the Conventions or Protocols not covered under subsection (1) commits an indictable offence and is liable on conviction to a term of imprisonment of not more than fourteen years.

Offences in contravention of the Conventions and Protocol I
1. (5) A citizen who outside the country, commits an offence or aids, abets, or procures the commission by any other person of an offence other than that specified in subsection (1) but which contravenes any of the Conventions or Protocol, is liable on conviction on indictment to a term of imprisonment of not less than fourteen years.