Chapter 2—General principles of criminal responsibility

Part 2.5-Corporate criminal responsibility

Division 12

12.1 General principles

(1) This Code applies to bodies corporate in the same way as it applies to individuals. It so applies with such modifications as are set out in this Part, and with such other modifications as are made necessary by the fact that criminal liability is being imposed on bodies corporate rather than individuals.

(2) A body corporate may be found guilty of any offence, including one punishable by imprisonment.

Note: Section 4B of the Crimes Act 1914 enables a fine to be imposed for offences that only specify imprisonment as a penalty.


12.2 Physical elements

If a physical element of an offence is committed by an employee, agent or officer of a body corporate acting within the actual or apparent scope of his or her employment, or within his or her actual or apparent authority, the physical element must also be attributed to the body corporate.


12.3 Fault elements other than negligence

(1) If intention, knowledge or recklessness is a fault element in relation to a physical element of an offence, that fault element must be attributed to a body corporate that expressly, tacitly or impliedly
authorised or permitted the commission of the offence.

(2) The means by which such an authorisation or permission may be established include:
(a) proving that the body corporate's board of directors intentionally, knowingly or recklessly carried out the relevant conduct, or expressly, tacitly or impliedly authorised or permitted the commission of the offence; or
(b) proving that a high managerial agent of the body corporate intentionally, knowingly or recklessly engaged in the relevant conduct, or expressly, tacitly or impliedly authorised or
permitted the commission of the offence; or
(c) proving that a corporate culture existed within the body corporate that directed, encouraged, tolerated or led to non-compliance with the relevant provision; or
(d) proving that the body corporate failed to create and maintain a corporate culture that required compliance with the relevant provision.

(3) Paragraph (2)(b) does not apply if the body corporate proves that it exercised due diligence to prevent the conduct, or the authorisation or permission.

(4) Factors relevant to the application of paragraph (2)(c) or (d) include:
(a) whether authority to commit an offence of the same or a similar character had been given by a high managerial agent of the body corporate; and
(b) whether the employee, agent or officer of the body corporate who committed the offence believed on reasonable grounds, or entertained a reasonable expectation, that a high managerial agent of the body corporate would have authorised or permitted the commission of the offence.

(5) If recklessness is not a fault element in relation to a physical element of an offence, subsection (2) does not enable the fault element to be proved by proving that the board of directors, or a high managerial agent, of the body corporate recklessly engaged in the conduct or recklessly authorised or permitted the commission of the offence.

(6) In this section:

board of directors means the body (by whatever name called) exercising the executive authority of the body corporate.

corporate culture means an attitude, policy, rule, course of conduct or practice existing within the body corporate generally or in the part of the body corporate in which the relevant activities takes place.

high managerial agent means an employee, agent or officer of the body corporate with duties of such responsibility that his or her conduct may fairly be assumed to represent the body corporate's policy.


12.4 Negligence

(1) The test of negligence for a body corporate is that set out in section 5.5.

(2) If:
(a) negligence is a fault element in relation to a physical element of an offence; and
(b) no individual employee, agent or officer of the body corporate has that fault element;
that fault element may exist on the part of the body corporate if the body corporate's conduct is negligent when viewed as a whole (that is, by aggregating the conduct of any number of its employees, agents or officers).

(3) Negligence may be evidenced by the fact that the prohibited conduct was substantially attributable to:
(a) inadequate corporate management, control or supervision of the conduct of one or more of its employees, agents or officers; or
(b) failure to provide adequate systems for conveying relevant information to relevant persons in the body corporate.


12.5 Mistake of fact (strict liability)

(1) A body corporate can only rely on section 9.2 (mistake of fact (strict liability)) in respect of conduct that would, apart from this section, constitute an offence on its part if:
(a) the employee, agent or officer of the body corporate who carried out the conduct was under a mistaken but reasonable belief about facts that, had they existed, would have meant that the conduct would not have constituted an offence; and
(b) the body corporate proves that it exercised due diligence to prevent the conduct.

(2) A failure to exercise due diligence may be evidenced by the fact
that the prohibited conduct was substantially attributable to:
(a) inadequate corporate management, control or supervision of the conduct of one or more of its employees, agents or officers; or
(b) failure to provide adequate systems for conveying relevant information to relevant persons in the body corporate.


12.6 Intervening conduct or event

A body corporate cannot rely on section 10.1 (intervening conduct or event) in respect of a physical element of an offence brought about by another person if the other person is an employee, agent or officer of the body corporate.

Part I—Preliminary
3 Interpretation
(1) In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears:
ancillary offence, in relation to an offence (in this definition called the main offence), means:
(a) an offence of conspiring to commit the main offence; or
(b) an offence of aiding, abetting, inciting, counselling or procuring, or being in any way knowingly concerned in, the commission of the main offence; or
(c) an offence of receiving or assisting another person in order to enable the person to escape punishment for, or to dispose of the proceeds of, the main offence; or
(d) an offence of attempting to commit the main offence.

Part IV—Arrangements for persons to give evidence or assist investigations
Division 1—Requests by Australia
25A Aiding persons to escape etc.
Sections 46, 46A, 47A, 47C and 48 of the Crimes Act 1914 have effect as if:
(a) arrest under section 25 of this Act were arrest in respect of an offence against a law of the Commonwealth; and
(b) custody while in Australia under a request under section 16 of this Act were custody in respect of an offence against a law of the Commonwealth.

CHAPTER 5
USE AND PROTECTION OF EMBLEMS

Offences and penalties

15. (2) (a) When an offence contemplated in subsection (1) has been committed for which 5 any corporate body is or was liable to prosecution, any person who was, at the time of
the commission of the offence, a director or member of the management of the corporate body and who knew of or could have prevented the commission of the offence, is guilty of the said offence, either jointly with the corporate body or apart therefrom, and on conviction liable to the punishment provided for in that subsection.
(b) Section 332 of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (Act No. 51 of 1977), with the exception of subsections (2)(c), (5), (7), (8) and (9) thereof, applies with the changes required by the context in respect of any prosecution of a corporate body or director or member of the management thereof for an offence contemplated in this section.