Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population - NIAC

Estonia

Estonia - Penal Code 2001 (2020) EN

Part 2 SPECIAL PART
Chapter 8 OFFENCES AGAINST HUMANITY AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
Division 4 War Crimes

§ 95. Acts of war against civilian population
(1) Attacking of civilians in war zones or destroying or rendering unusable food or water supplies, sown crops or domestic animals indispensable for the survival of civilian population, hindering access thereto or attacking structures or equipment containing dangerous forces, is punishable by six to twenty years’ imprisonment or life imprisonment.

Part 2 SPECIAL PART
Chapter 8 OFFENCES AGAINST HUMANITY AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
Division 4 War Crimes

§ 97. Attacks against civilians
(1) Commission of an act of violence against a civilian or threatening with it in a war zone or an occupied territory, endangering of him or her or failure to provide assistance to him or her, his or her inhuman treatment, compelling him or her to participate in human researches or to supply organ or tissue, commission of an offence against sexual self-determination with respect to him or her, compelling to serve in the armed forces or participate in military operations of a hostile state, illegal deprivation of liberty or deprivation of the right to fair trial, and displacement of residents of an occupying state in an occupied territory or displacement of residents of an occupied territory
is punishable by six to fifteen years’ imprisonment.

Rome Statute

Article 8 War crimes

2. For the purpose of this Statute, ‘war crimes’ means:

(e) Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in armed conflicts not of an international character, within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following acts:

(i) Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians not taking direct part in hostilities;