Enforced disappearance - crimes against humanity

Estonia

Estonia - Penal Code 2001 (2020) EN

Part 2 SPECIAL PART
Chapter 8 OFFENCES AGAINST HUMANITY AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
Division 2 Offences Against Humanity

§ 89. Crimes against humanity
(1) Systematic or large-scale deprivation or restriction of human rights and freedoms, instigated or directed by a state, organisation or group, or killing, torture, rape, causing health damage, forced displacement, expulsion, subjection to prostitution, unfounded deprivation of liberty, or other abuse of civilians, is punishable by eight to twenty years’ imprisonment or life imprisonment.
(2) The same act, if committed by a legal person, is punishable by a pecuniary punishment.

Rome Statute

Article 7 Crimes against humanity

1. For the purpose of this Statute, ‘crime against humanity’ means any of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack:

(i) Enforced disappearance of persons;

2. For the purpose of paragraph 1:

(i) ‘Enforced disappearance of persons’ means the arrest, detention or abduction of persons by, or with the authorization, support or acquiescence of, a State or a political organization, followed by a refusal to acknowledge that deprivation of freedom or to give information on the fate or whereabouts of those persons, with the intention of removing them from the protection of the law for a prolonged period of time.