Part two. Basic human and civil rights, freedoms and duties
Chapter 7. Personal Rights and Freedoms
Article 25.
Everyone shall have the right to freedom and inviolability of the person.
No one may be arrested or taken into custody except on lawful grounds.
Article 26.
No one may be adjudged guilty of a crime except by the sentence of a court and in conformity with the law. Such a person shall be guaranteed the right to legal defence during open court proceedings.
No one may be subject to torture, violence or any other cruel or humiliating treatment.
No one may be subject to any medical or scientific experiments without his consent.
GENERAL PART
SECTION ONE. BASIC PROVISIONS
CHAPTER 2. PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
Article 19. Public Hearing on Criminal Case
A hearing on criminal case shall be public, except for the instances inconsistent with the reasons of protection of state secrets, or connected with hearing on sexual crimes.
In camera hearing shall be permitted on juvenile crimes, as well as on other cases, when it is required to prevent disclosure of private or degrading information, and to ensure security of a victim, witness or other party in the case, as well as their family members or immediate relatives.
Private postal and telephone correspondence can be disclosed during the open court hearing only upon the consent of the sender and receiver. Otherwise they shall be disclosed and examined in the in
camera hearing.
In camera hearing shall be conducted with observance of all procedural rules. A court may render a finding may on in camera hearings for the entire case or a part thereof. The finding shall concern the general public only and not be applied to the participants of the proceedings.
A court may allow immediate relatives of a defendant and victim, as well as other persons concerned, to attend in camera sessions, after warning them of the liability for disclosure of the circumstances revealed therein.
The court may prohibit certain persons to attend a public court hearing for keeping order in the courtroom. Audio, photo, and video recording in the courtroom shall be allowed by the presiding judge only. Sentences, findings, and rulings of a court shall be read out publicly, both in public and in camera
hearings.
For enhancing publicity in administration of justice, the court may, if needed, notify mass media, public organization and groups concerned on hearings to be conducted, as well as conduct the hearings at the premises of enterprises, institutions, and organizations.
GENERAL PART
SECTION TWO. PARTICIPANTS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
CHAPTER 5. PARTIES TO CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS. DEFENSE COUNSELS AND REPRESENTATIVES
Article 46. Rights and Obligations of Accused
An accused shall have the right: to be informed of charges against him; to give testimony and provide explanations about the charge brought against him or on other circumstances of the case; to use his native language or to use the assistance of an interpreter/translator; to use assistance of a defense counsel and to have meetings with him in private; to enjoy the right to defend himself independently; to file motions and challenges; to introduce evidences; to participate, with the permission of the inquiry officer or investigator, in investigative actions; to get familiarized, upon completion of the pretrial investigation, with the whole criminal case file and to write out required information; to raise objections to dismissal of the criminal case by the investigator or the prosecutor, and demand court hearing; to participate in the hearings at courts of reconciliation, of first instance, and of appeal, and, with the discretion of the court, in the courts of review and of supervision; to bring complaints against actions and decisions of the inquiry officer, investigator, prosecutor, or the court; to get familiarized with the official records of the court session and to submit comments on them; to be informed of any protests, appeals, and cassation complaints on the case, and challenge them. The accused shall have a right to the last plea. (As amended by the Law of 14.12.2000 and by the Law of 29.08.2001).
An accused shall be obliged: to appear upon summons of an inquiry officer, investigator, prosecutor and court; not to evade from participation at the pretrial investigation and court hearing; not to impede establishment of the issue by destruction or forgery of evidences, by persuasion of witnesses and by other illegal acts; to abide and satisfy the enforced restraint; not to impede enforcement of the resolutions of the inquiry officer, investigator, prosecutor, and of the findings of the court on examination, obtaining samples for the expert examination, hospitalization for forensic medical examination, and the other procedural rulings envisaged by this Code; to obey to the order during the investigation of the case and the court hearing.
An accused may be imposed to give testimony, as well as to prove his innocence or other circumstance of the case.
GENERAL PART
SECTION TWO. PARTICIPANTS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
CHAPTER 5. PARTIES TO CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS. DEFENSE COUNSELS AND REPRESENTATIVES
Article 48. Rights and Obligations of Suspect
A suspect shall have the right: to be informed what he is suspected of; to demand to be questioned no later than twenty four hours from the moment of the apprehension; to give testimony regarding the suspicion against him or other circumstances of the case; to use his native language or to use the assistance of an interpreter/translator; to have assistance of a defense counsel from the moment of declaring him the resolution on prosecution him as a suspect, or after the apprehension; to have meeting with the counsel confidentially; to enjoy the right to defend independently; to file motions and challenges; to participate in the hearings in court of reconciliation; to bring complaints against actions and decisions of the inquiry officer, investigator, prosecutor, or court. (As amended by the Law of 15.04.1999 and of 29.08.2001).
A suspect shall be obliged: to appear upon the summons of the inquiry officer, investigator, prosecutor, and court; not to evade from participation in pretrial investigation and court hearing; not to impede establishment of the issue by destruction or forgery of evidences, by persuasion of witnesses, and by other illegal acts; not to impede enforcement of the resolution of the inquiry officer, investigator, and prosecutor on examination, obtaining samples for expert examination, hospitalization for forensic medical examination, and the other rulings envisaged by this Code; to obey the order during investigation of the case.
A suspect cannot be imposed to give testimony, as well as to prove his non-implication or any other circumstance of the case.
1. En las investigaciones realizadas de conformidad con el presente Estatuto:
(a) Nadie será obligado a declarar contra sí mismo ni a declararse culpable;
(b) Nadie será sometido a forma alguna de coacción, intimidación o amenaza, a torturas ni a otros tratos o castigos crueles, inhumanos o degradantes;
(c) Quien haya de ser interrogado en un idioma que no sea el que comprende y habla perfectamente contará, sin cargo alguno, con los servicios de un intérprete competente y las traducciones que sean necesarias a los efectos de cumplir el requisito de equidad; y
(d) Nadie será sometido a arresto o detención arbitrarios ni será privado de su libertad salvo por los motivos previstos en el presente Estatuto y de conformidad con los procedimientos establecidos en él.
2. Cuando haya motivos para creer que una persona ha cometido un crimen de la competencia de la Corte y esa persona haya de ser interrogada por el Fiscal o por las autoridades nacionales, en cumplimiento de una solicitud hecha de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la Parte IX, tendrá además los derechos siguientes, de los que será informada antes del interrogatorio:
(a) A ser informada de que existen motivos para creer que ha cometido un crimen de la competencia de la Corte;
(b) A guardar silencio, sin que ello pueda tenerse en cuenta a los efectos de determinar su culpabilidad o inocencia;
(c) A ser asistida por un abogado defensor de su elección o, si no lo tuviere, a que se le asigne un defensor de oficio, siempre que fuere necesario en interés de la justicia y, en cualquier caso, sin cargo si careciere de medios suficientes; y
(d) A ser interrogada en presencia de su abogado, a menos que haya renunciado voluntariamente a su derecho a asistencia letrada.
1. El acusado estará presente durante el juicio.
2. Si el acusado, estando presente en la Corte, perturbare continuamente el juicio, la Sala de Primera Instancia podrá disponer que salga de ella y observe el proceso y dé instrucciones a su defensor desde fuera, utilizando, en caso necesario, tecnologías de comunicación. Esas medidas se adoptarán únicamente en circunstancias excepcionales, después de que se haya demostrado que no hay otras posibilidades razonables y adecuadas, y únicamente durante el tiempo que sea estrictamente necesario.
1. Se presumirá que toda persona es inocente mientras no se pruebe su culpabilidad ante la Corte de conformidad con el derecho aplicable.
2. Incumbirá al Fiscal probar la culpabilidad del acusado.
3. Para dictar sentencia condenatoria, la Corte deberá estar convencida de la culpabilidad del acusado más allá de toda duda razonable.
1. En la determinación de cualquier cargo, el acusado tendrá derecho a ser oído públicamente, habida cuenta de las disposiciones del presente Estatuto, y a una audiencia justa e imparcial, así como a las siguientes garantías mínimas en pie de plena igualdad:
(a) A ser informado sin demora y en forma detallada, en un idioma que comprenda y hable perfectamente, de la naturaleza, la causa y el contenido de los cargos que se le imputan;
(b) A disponer del tiempo y de los medios adecuados para la preparación de su defensa y a comunicarse libre y confidencialmente con un defensor de su elección;
(c) A ser juzgado sin dilaciones indebidas;
(d) Con sujeción a lo dispuesto en el párrafo 2 del artículo 63, el acusado tendrá derecho a hallarse presente en el proceso y a defenderse personalmente o ser asistido por un defensor de su elección; a ser informado, si no tuviera defensor, del derecho que le asiste a tenerlo y, siempre que el interés de la justicia lo exija, a que se le nombre defensor de oficio, gratuitamente si careciere de medios suficientes para pagarlo;
(e) A interrogar o hacer interrogar a los testigos de cargo y a obtener la comparecencia de los testigos de descargo y que éstos sean interrogados en las mismas condiciones que los testigos de cargo. El acusado tendrá derecho también a oponer excepciones y a presentar cualquier otra prueba admisible de conformidad con el presente Estatuto;
(f) A ser asistido gratuitamente por un intérprete competente y a obtener las traducciones necesarias para satisfacer los requisitos de equidad, si en las actuaciones ante la Corte o en los documentos presentados a la Corte se emplea un idioma que no comprende y no habla;
(g) A no ser obligado a declarar contra sí mismo ni a declararse culpable y a guardar silencio, sin que ello pueda tenerse en cuenta a los efectos de determinar su culpabilidad o inocencia;
(h) A declarar de palabra o por escrito en su defensa sin prestar juramento; y
(i) A que no se invierta la carga de la prueba ni le sea impuesta la carga de presentar contrapruebas.
2. Además de cualquier otra divulgación de información estipulada en el presente Estatuto, el Fiscal divulgará a la defensa, tan pronto como sea posible, las pruebas que obren en su poder o estén bajo su control y que, a su juicio, indiquen o tiendan a indicar la inocencia del acusado, o a atenuar su culpabilidad, o que puedan afectar a la credibilidad de las pruebas de cargo. En caso de duda acerca de la aplicación de este párrafo, la Corte decidirá.